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Causes of Balanitis

Balanitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Lots of different germs live on the skin in small numbers and don’t cause any harm. Sometimes, however, they can multiply quickly, causing an infection. The most common type is a yeast infection called candida, which is the same germ that causes thrush.

Bacteria grow very quickly in warm, moist conditions. In men who aren’t circumcised, the foreskin covering the head of the penis can be an ideal environment for bacteria to multiply in. Bacteria are more likely to grow and cause inflammation (swelling) if the penis is not dried carefully after washing and moisture is left under the foreskin. This can happen if you haven’t washed for a couple of days.

Other circumstances can make an infection more likely to develop including:

  • existing inflammation (swelling) of the penis caused by an allergy;
  • diabetes – men with diabetes are more likely to develop infections, particularly if the diabetes isn’t well controlled. If sugar (glucose) is passed out in the urine, drops may remain on the foreskin, creating an ideal environment for bacteria to multiply in;
  • phimosis - this a condition in which the foreskin can’t be pulled back fully over the glans. It is rare in teenage boys and men, but normal in young boys up to the age of around 5. Phimosis is more likely to cause balanitis because sweat, urine and other debris can collect under the foreskin. This can irritate the foreskin or can encourage germs to grow, leading to infection;
  • having sex with a woman who has vaginal thrush; and
  • taking a course of antibiotics (which can encourage bacteria to grow).

Some sexually transmitted infections can also cause balanitis. For example, genital herpes, chlamydia, and syphilis.

The skin of the glans is very sensitive and can be easily damaged, which may lead to infection. Irritation of the skin can be caused by the following:

  • perfumed soaps and shower gels;
  • over-washing or scrubbing;
  • chemicals in some condoms, spermicides, and lubricants;
  • chemicals spilt on your hands that are spread to the penis when going to the toilet; and
  • some washing powders or fabric conditioners that aren’t completely rinsed from underwear.

Occasionally an existing skin condition such as psoriasis, may cause or be mistaken for balanitis.