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Diagnosis of Cancer of the vulva

Because vulval cancer is so rare, there is currently no programme in place to screen for the cancer. However, an examination of the vulva is carried out during routine cervical smear tests. Pre-cancerous conditions can be identified during this examination, and treated early on to prevent vulval cancer developing.

It is a good idea to check your own vulva regularly to detect any changes to the skin. Using a mirror, you can look for areas that are red, irritated, white or darkly coloured. You will also be able to see any growths, nodules or sores. If you do notice any changes like this, you should see your doctor.

Your GP will ask you questions about your symptoms and look at your medical history to see what illnesses you have had in the past. Your vulva will be examined to see if there are any lumps or unusual areas of skin. If your doctor feels further tests are needed, you may be sent to hospital to see a gynaecologist.

Gynaecologists often use an instrument called a colposcope to look for any abnormalities in the vulva, cervix and vagina. A colposcope is a small microscope with a light on the end of it. During the examination (colposcopy), a tissue sample will also be taken (biopsy) from the place where the cancer might be. This can then be checked in a laboratory to find out whether you have cancer, and what type of cancer it is.

There are five types of vulval cancer with a type called squamous cell carcinoma being is the most common; this type accounts for nine out of ten cases.If you are found to have vulval cancer, further tests will be needed to see if the cancer has spread and to decide on the best treatment. You may be required to have any of the following tests:

  • Cystoscopy: This is an examination of the inside of the bladder. It is done to see if the cancer has spread to the bladder.  A thin, hollow viewing tube is inserted into the bladder to look for tumours and take a tissue sample.
  • Proctoscopy: This is an examination of the inside of the rectum. The doctor either uses a gloved finger on an instrument called a proctoscope to check for abnormalities such as growths on the rectal wall.
  • CT scan: This is a computerised X-ray that can take detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It is useful for showing up cancer tumours, and checking whether cancer cells have spread.
  • MRI scan: This is a scan that uses radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It is used to check whether cancer has spread.
  • X-ray: You may have a chest X-ray to check that cancer has not spread to your lungs.