Health encyclopaedia - Alphabetical Topic List
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Causes of Vertigo
Vertigo is most commonly caused by a problem with the balancing mechanism in the inner ear. This is a coiled tube of fluid that lies behind the eardrum called the labyrinth. Viral infections such as a common cold or flu can spread to the labyrinth (labyrinthitis). Less commonly, labyrinthitis is caused by a bacterial infection of the middle ear (otitis media). Vertigo caused by an ear infection usually starts suddenly, and may be accompanied by painful ear and high temperature.
Short but recurrent attacks of vertigo are often caused by benign positional vertigo. This type of vertigo may also follow a viral infection, or can develop following inflammation or damage to the middle ear. It commonly affects older people, and can be brought on by a sudden movement of the head, such as turning rapidly. Attacks are usually very short-lived, and may last only a few seconds, but they can be confusing and disorientating.
Vertigo can also occur because of:
- Arthritis in the neck - this disorder is usually confined to older people, and can be brought on when the head is turned or tilted.
- Migraines - particularly if your headaches are severe or if you have a family history of migraine.
- Poor circulation - may lead to vertigo if insufficient blood reaches the part of the brain that controls balance.
- Motion sickness and over-breathing (hyperventilation).
- Alcohol and certain drugs.
More severe vertigo may indicate a disorder of the balancing mechanisms in the inner ears, such as Ménière's disease. This condition has the associated symptoms of tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and difficulty with hearing. People with Ménière’s disease can have attacks of vertigo that last up to twelve hours, often causing vomiting and leaving them completely exhausted.
Rare causes of vertigo include stroke or multiple sclerosis or a tumour affecting the nerve connecting the middle ear to the brain. However, these conditions are usually accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty with speech or vision, and should always be checked out by a doctor.
Vertigo can sometimes develop after a head injury. It is important to consult your GP straightaway if this happens.
