Health encyclopaedia - Alphabetical Topic List健康百科全书-按字母顺序排列的主题清单
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Causes of Anaemia原因的贫血
Each type of anemia has different causes:每种类型的贫血有不同的原因：
Iron-deficiency anaemia is caused by a shortage of iron. 缺铁性贫血是造成短缺的铁。 It affects women much more often than men, because women lose some blood in each menstrual period between puberty and the menopause.它影响妇女更为往往高于男性，因为女性失去一些血液在每月经期之间的青春期和更年期。 An average healthy mixed diet will contain enough iron to make up normal menstrual losses, but unusually heavy periods, a poor diet, or large loses of weight can lead to a shortage of iron.平均混合健康饮食将包含足够的铁，以弥补正常月经损失，但异常沉重的时期，一个贫穷的饮食，或大输的重量，可导致短缺的铁。 In some cases there is also blood loss from elsewhere, especially from the stomach/ intestine.在某些情况下，也有失血来自其他地区，特别是从胃/肠。 This may be from stomach and duodenal ulcers or from piles.这可能是由胃和十二指肠溃疡，或从桩。 Bleeding high up in the intestine turns the stools (faeces) black.出血高，在肠道轮流粪便（粪便）为黑色。 Bleeding piles produce visible red blood.出血桩产生可见红细胞。 Chronic diseases, such as infections, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, can cause iron-deficiency anaemia because the developing red cells in the bone marrow are unable to use the iron reserves.慢性疾病，如感染，癌症和类风湿关节炎，可导致缺铁性贫血症，因为发展红色细胞在骨髓中是无法使用的铁储备。
Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cell destruction is increased as the result of an acquired or inherited condition, which generally interferes with normal red blood cell production. 溶血性贫血发生时，红细胞破坏增加的结果，一收购或继承的条件，一般会干扰正常的红血细胞的生产。 They include hereditary Spherocytosis, Sickle cell anaemia, and Thalassaemia.它们包括遗传性球形红细胞增多症，镰状细胞贫血症，地中海贫血病。
Megaloblastic anaemia develops if vitamin B12 or folic acid are lacking and is mainly caused by a diet low in fresh fruit and vegetables. 巨贫血的发展，如果维生素B12或叶酸缺乏的原因，主要是由饮食低，新鲜水果和蔬菜。 Reduced absorption of folic acid may be due to excessive alcohol consumption and by some medicines.减少吸收叶酸，可能是由于过量的酒精消费和一些药品。 There is an increased need for folic acid during pregnancy.有一个需要增加叶酸，在怀孕期间。 Folic acid deficiency also occurs in people with cancer and in those with coeliac disease.叶酸缺乏也发生在人与癌症和在那些与腹腔疾病。
Pernicious anaemia is caused by a shortage of vitamin B12. 恶性贫血是造成短缺的维生素B12 。 This is usually because the vitamin is not being absorbed, because the stomach lining does not produce a certain chemical (intrinsic factor).这通常是因为维生素E是不被吸收，因为胃衬砌不产生一定的化学（内在因素） 。 The bone marrow needs vitamin B12 in order to produce red blood cells.骨髓需要维生素B12 ，以便产生红血细胞。 In pernicious anaemia the blood contains a smaller number of abnormally large cells (megablastic), which do not last as long as normal.在恶性贫血血液中含有一个较小的数目异常大细胞（ megablastic ） ，其中不过去，只要正常。
In Aplastic anaemia , the bone marrow does not make any new red cells, nor indeed any other kind of blood cells, and so the immune system can’t work properly. 在再生障碍性贫血 ，骨髓不作任何新的红细胞，也的确是任何其他种类的血液细胞，因此免疫系统canâ € ™吨正常工作。 The average life of a red cell is 120 days, so new cells have to be made all the time.平均寿命的一个红色的细胞是120天，使新细胞都必须作出的所有时间。 If this does not happen, the anaemia will get steadily worse and create a very serious situation.如果这不会发生，贫血将得到稳步差，创建一个非常严重的情况。 About a third of all cases of aplastic anaemia follow virus infections, especially measles, mumps and hepatitis, or are caused by drugs such as butazolidine, sulphonamides, chloramphenicol by mouth or dipyrone.大约三分之一的所有案件再生障碍性贫血的后续病毒感染，尤其是麻疹，流行性腮腺炎和肝炎，或正在造成的药物，如butazolidine ， sulphonamides ，氯霉素，由口或dipyrone 。 Because of this risk, most of these drugs are no longer prescribed.因为这方面的风险，大部分的这些药物，已不再是明。 Inhaling benzene fumes can also cause aplastic anaemia.吸入苯的油烟也可以导致再生障碍性贫血。 In most cases, however, the cause remains obscure.在大多数情况下，然而，事业仍然模糊。 The condition is rare, affecting only 2 to 5 people per million.条件是罕见的，受影响的只有2至5人，每万美元。
Anaemia and pregnancy 贫血和妊娠
Iron-deficiency anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia can occur during pregnancy.缺铁性贫血和巨贫血可以发生在怀孕期间。
A woman needs up to twice as much iron as usual during pregnancy (normally 30 mgs a day).一名女子的需要，最多的两倍多铁如常在怀孕期间（一般为30 mgs 1天） 。 Iron is needed to produce more blood to supply the baby with the necessary nutrients and oxygen.铁是需要产生更多的血液供应婴儿与必要的养分和氧气。 Up to half of all pregnant women require an iron supplement from the 20th week of pregnancy.高达半数的所有孕妇需要补充铁从20周妊娠。
Lack of folic acid can make a pregnant woman anaemic.缺乏叶酸，可以使孕妇贫血。 Folic acid is needed for the development of the baby’s spinal cord and general growth. For most women, taking extra folic acid (400 micrograms daily) before conception (if possible) and during the first 12 weeks) pregnancy is recommended to avoid spinal damage to the baby.叶酸是需要发展的babyâ € ™ s脊髓和一般的增长。大多数妇女，采取额外的叶酸（ 400微克每天）之前的概念（如可能） ，并在头12周）中止妊娠的建议，以避免脊髓损伤给婴儿。
