Health encyclopaedia - Alphabetical Topic List健康百科全书-按字母顺序排列的主题清单
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Cancer of the bladder癌症膀胱
The bladder is a muscular bag situated in the midline of the pelvis at the lowest point in the abdomen, immediately behind the pubic bone.膀胱是一个肌袋坐落在中线的骨盆在最低点，在腹部，立即背后的耻骨。 There are three principal layers in the bladder wall.有三个主要的层在膀胱壁。 The inside mucous membrane (mucosa), the muscle layer of circular and longitudinal fibres, and the outer layer, the peritoneum.内粘膜膜（粘膜） ，肌肉层的通告和纵向纤维，和外层，腹膜。
Primary bladder cancer constitutes about seven per cent of cancers in men and about three per cent of new cancers in women. It is three times as common in men as in women.It is more common in white people than in black people and the average age at diagnosis is 65.小学膀胱癌的构成约7 ％的癌症，男性约三％的新的癌症妇女，这是三倍共同在男子在women.it是较为常见的在白的人比在黑色和人民的平均年龄在诊断时是65岁。 At the time of diagnosis about 85 per cent of bladder cancers are still limited to the bladder only.在当时的诊断约85 ％的膀胱癌仍然有限，以膀胱只。 The remainder have spread to the lymph nodes (glands).其余已扩散到淋巴结（腺） 。
Bladder cancer always starts in the mucosa.膀胱癌总是开始在粘膜。 In the earliest stages it is confined to this layer and is called carcinoma in situ.在最初阶段，这是限于这层是所谓的癌，原位。 For a time the cancer grows only towards the interior of the bladder.今后一个时期患癌症的增长，只有对内部的膀胱。 At this stage, if detected, it can be cured by simple local treatment without opening the bladder.在这个阶段，如果发现，它可以治愈，由简单的局部治疗，没有开放的膀胱。
The next stage is for the cancer to spread outwards, deeper into the muscular layer of the bladder.下一阶段，是为癌症的蔓延向外，更深入到肌层的膀胱。 At the same time the cancer will become larger on the interior surface and will spread sideways.在同一时间，癌症将成为较大的对内部表面，并会蔓延侧身。
The advancing cancer will next grow right through the wall of the bladder to invade the peritoneum or the other tissues on the outside of the bladder.前进癌症会在未来成长的权利，通过墙上的膀胱入侵腹膜或其他组织对外界的膀胱。 While the cancer is confined to the mucosa, spread to distant lymph nodes or further is unlikely.而癌症是仅限于粘膜，蔓延到遥远的淋巴结或进一步的可能性不大。 But by the time the muscle of the bladder wall is invaded, about 13 per cent of cancers will also have spread to lymph nodes.Once the cancer has penetrated the wall and is in the surrounding tissue, in almost 90 per cent of cases it has also spread to the lymph nodes.但由时间，肌肉膀胱壁是侵略，约13 ％的癌症也将蔓延到淋巴结nodes.once癌症已渗透墙，并在周围组织，在几乎90 ％的情况下，已还蔓延到淋巴结。
