Health encyclopaedia - Alphabetical Topic List健康百科全书-按字母顺序排列的主题清单

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| N | | n | | O | | o | | P | | p | | Q | |常见问题 | | R | | 研究 | | S | | | | T | | 吨 | | U | | u | | V | | v | | W | | 瓦特 | | X | | x | | Y | | y |

Why is it necessary?为什么要呢？ of Hearing and vision tests for children听力和视力测试，为儿童

The standard hearing and vision tests are carried out so that any problems can be detected as early as possible.标准的听力和视力测试进行，使任何问题都可以发现为尽早。 Doctors can then monitor and if necessary treat the condition, or provide equipment to improve the child’s hearing or vision, such as glasses or a hearing aid.医生便可以监测和治疗，如果必要的条件，或提供设备，以改善childâ € ™ s听觉或视觉，如眼镜或助听器。 It will also enable the child and his or her parents to access special learning support services.它也将使儿童和他或她的父母进入特殊学习支持服务。

Hearing tests 听力测验

Routine hearing tests, given as part of the normal tests carried out by the health visitor and later the school nurse, detect whether a child’s hearing is within the normal range of volume (loudness) and pitch (high and low sounds).例行的听力测验，鉴于部分正常进行的试验是由健康的访客，后来学校的护士，侦查是否有childâ € ™ s听证会是在正常范围量（响度）和音高（高和低的声音） 。

In between these regular checks, a parent, health visitor, or carer might notice that a child’s hearing is not developing properly.在这些之间的定期检查，家长，健康的旅客，或照顾者可能会注意到，那些一childâ € ™ s听证会是不正确的发展。 Babies should jump or start at loud noises from birth, and children should turn to find out where a sound is coming from.婴儿应跳转或开始在噪音从出生，和儿童应该谈谈，找出一个声音是来自。 By the age of 12 months children are often starting to copy whole words.由12个月以下的儿童，往往开始复制整个字词。 If normal child development doesn’t happen, the cause should be investigated.如果正常儿童发展doesnâ € ™吨发生，原因应加以调查。 It could be a hearing impairment that has always been there, one that is currently growing, or a temporary hearing problem, such as reduced hearing caused by a cold.这可能是一个听觉受损，这一直是有，一个是目前越来越多，或暂时听证会的问题，如减少听力所造成的感冒。

Possible causes of hearing impairment include:可能的原因听觉受损，包括：

  • glue ear (build up of fluid in the middle ear).胶耳（建立流体在中耳） 。 This is common in small children and they normally grow out of it;这是常见的小儿童和他们通常成长出来;
  • damage to the cochlear or auditory nerves (that take hearing signals to the brain).损害耳蜗或听觉神经（即采取听证会的信号，脑） 。 This can be caused by a serious head injury, exposure to loud noise, or other factors such as head surgery;这可以造成严重颅脑损伤，暴露在巨响，或其他因素，如头部外科手术;
  • genetic (inherited) conditions such as otosclerosis, which stop the ears or nerves working properly;遗传（继承）的条件，如耳硬化症，停止耳朵或神经正常工作;
  • infections that affect the child while it is in the womb, or that are caught at birth, for example rubella or cytomegalovirus;感染影响儿童，而这是在子宫里，或认为被发现在出生时，例如风疹或巨细胞病毒;
  • being starved of oxygen at birth (birth asphyxia);被饿死出生时缺氧（出生窒息） ;
  • illnesses such as meningitis or encephalitis (which involve swelling in the brain), or head injury, after birth.疾病，如脑膜炎或脑炎（其中涉及肿胀，在大脑中） ，或头部外伤，出生后。

Vision tests 视力测试

Routine eye tests, during school nurse and child development checks, detect whether there is any visible defect or deformity in the eyes themselves, such as a cataract, squint or crossed eyes.例行视力测试，在学校的护士和儿童发展的检查，检测是否有任何明显的缺陷或畸形，在自己的眼睛，如白内障，斜视或越过眼睛是雪亮的。 They also check that a child can follow movement in the normal field of vision (looking up, down, and side to side), and is not short-sighted or long-sighted.他们还检查的儿童可以按照运动在正常的视野（寻找上，下，和方方） ，而不是短视的或长期的眼光。 Secondary school age children mayalso be tested for colour-blindness.中学适龄儿童mayalso测试颜色的盲目性。

Parents and other people who interact with a child may be able to spot problems before they are picked up in tests.父母和其他人谁的互动与儿童可以现场问题之前，他们拿起在测试。 A baby should be able to see from birth, and by six weeks from birth he or she should be able to follow a colourful or interesting object, such as a face, with his or her eyes.婴儿应该可以看到从出生起，由六周从出生起，他或她应该可以走一条色彩缤纷的或有趣的对象，如人脸，与他或她的眼睛是雪亮的。 Some babies are born with a squint or their eyes roll away from each other occasionally.有些婴儿出生与斜视或他们的眼中，辊距对方偶尔。 If this happens all the time you should mention it to your health visitor and GP.如果发生这种情况的所有时间你应该提及到您的健康游客和GP 。 Other signs that a child may have vision problems include purposeless roving eye movements, not turning towards the source of sounds (also a sign of hearing impairment), mannerisms such as eye poking and rubbing, and not making eye contact.其他迹象表明，儿童可能有视力问题包括purposeless巡回眼球运动，而不是转向来源的声音（也是一个迹象，听觉受损） ， mannerisms ，如目光撬拨和摩擦，而不是使眼睛接触。 Another sign of some rare eye problems such as growths in the eye, is that one eye looks white and the other red when a colour photograph is taken using a flash.另一个标志是，一些罕见的眼部健康有问题，例如生长在眼睛，是一只眼睛看起来白和其他红色时，彩色照片是采取使用闪光灯。 If this happens you should take your child for urgent eye tests.如果发生这种情况你应该采取你的孩子紧急眼科测试。

Possible causes of visual impairment include:可能的原因视力障碍包括：

  • long- or short-sightedness (which tended to be inherited);长期或短视的（这往往继承） ;
  • other genetic (inherited) conditions such as astigmatism, where the eye has not formed in quite the right shape, or choroidoretinal degeneration, where part of the eye gradually stops working properly;其他的遗传（继承）的条件，如散光，眼睛没有形成在相当正确的形状，或choroidoretinal豆状核变性，其中的一部分，眼睛逐渐停止工作，妥善;
  • damage to the optic nerve, which takes sight messages to the brain.损害视神经，需视讯息到脑部。 This is also called optic atrophy, and may be present at birth (inherited) or may appear because of a condition such as diabetes;这也是所谓的视神经萎缩，并有可能出席在出生时（继承）或可能会出现因为一个条件，如糖尿病;
  • a tumour or growth pressing on the sight-centre of the brain;一个肿瘤或增长的迫切对观光中心，脑;
  • cataracts that a child is born with (congenital), which may be caused by conditions such as Down’s syndrome, or the effects of an infection caught during pregnancy, such as rubella;白内障，一个孩子出生（先天性） ，可能引起的条件，如downâ € ™综合征，或影响感染引起怀孕期间，如德国麻疹;
  • problems related to premature birth, because the eyes have not had time to finish forming fully.有关问题的早产儿，因为眼睛都没有时间去完成，形成充分。

When sight problems are detected, treatment and educational support can be given.当忽略的问题是检测，治疗和教育的支持可以得到。 The earlier this happens, the better, because untreated sight problems can often get worse.较早前发生这种情况，更好一些，因为未经处理的视线问题，往往可以得到更坏。 Children themselves don’t always realise they have a sight impairment (their vision is normal, to them) so it is important to take advantage of all the free eye checks you are offered, up to the age of 16.儿童本身donâ € ™吨始终明白，他们有一个视线受损（他们的视野是正常的，他们的）所以这是重要的是要考虑的优势，所有免费眼科检查，你所提供的，直至16岁以下。